"Has the Moment Come to Replace the US Dollar?"

A crisp, lively piece by Kenneth Rogoff on the prospects for the US dollar does a nice job of synthesizing many of the relevant issues.

Rogoff says quite bluntly that the US has gotten away with simply dreadful policies for a very long time, and even though the dollar hegemony is coming under considerable strain, the example of the shift away from the sterling suggests that a reserve currency can maintain its standing long past its sell by date.

From Rogoff:

As the world’s financial leaders meet in Washington this month at the World Bank-International Monetary Fund annual meeting, perhaps they should be glad there is no clear alternative to the dollar as the global currency standard. If the euro were fully ready for primetime, we might well be seeing its dollar exchange rate jump to over 2.00, and not just to 1.65 or 1.70, as it seems poised to do anyway. You can’t treat your customers as badly as the United States has done lately if they can go elsewhere.

Over the past six years, the value of the trade-weighted dollar has fallen by more than a quarter, as the US has continued to rack up historically unprecedented trade deficits. With a soft economy, a badly compromised financial system, and serious concerns about rising inflation, the long-term dollar trend is downward, however the current crisis ends. And it is not over.

The Federal Reserve’s bailout of the financial system is unlikely to stand up unless banks find fresh capital, and lots of it. Ultra-rich sovereign wealth funds have the cash to rescue US banks. But they are unlikely to want to do so at this point, even if the US political system allowed it. Instead, as the credit crunch and housing price decline continue, an epic mortgage bailout appears increasingly likely, possibly costing US taxpayers $1 trillion or more. The problem is that after so many years of miserable returns on dollar assets, will global investors really be willing to absorb another $1 trillion in US debt at anything near current interest rates and exchange rates?

US debt hardly looks like a bargain right now, even without the sinking dollar. Far-flung military misadventures continue to stretch the country’s fiscal resources, with costs potentially running into many trillions of dollars, according to a recent study by Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes.

Next year will almost certainly see a massive rise in US corporate defaults, even though many firms entered the recession with relatively strong balance sheets. State and municipal finances are in even worse shape. With tax revenues collapsing due to falling home prices and incomes, dozens of US municipalities could well go into receivership, as New York City did in the 1970s. US municipal bonds are already trading at huge risk premiums, and the first big government default hasn’t even hit yet.

Of course, if the dollar were to fall off its perch as the world’s dominant currency any time soon, the euro would be the only serious alternative. The yuan may well supplant the dollar in the second half of this century. But China’s draconian capital controls and massive financial repression currently disqualify it from anchoring the global economic system.

Fortunately for the dollar, the euro, too, seems to have its problems. European banks remain balkanized, with a patchwork of national regulators seeking to promote their own champions. European governments’ debt may all be denominated in euro, but German and Italian debt are hardly the same thing, so the government euro-bond market lacks the depth and liquidity of the US Treasury bill market.

Moreover, international investors can buy and sell real estate far more easily in the US than in most of Europe. And the absence of a Europe-wide fiscal policy creates significant uncertainty about how the European Central Bank would finance itself if it suddenly faced large losses on junk bank debt after a big bailout.

But the euro does have growing strengths. At current market exchange rates, the European Union is now larger economically than the US. New central and eastern European members are bringing enormous dynamism and flexibility. At the same time, the European Central Bank has gained considerable credibility from its handling of the global credit crisis. Indeed, if the euro zone can persuade Great Britain to become a full-fledged member, thereby acquiring one of the world’s two premier financial centers (London), the euro might start to look like a viable alternative to the dollar.

In 1971, as the dollar collapsed towards the end of the post-World War II fixed exchange-rate system, US Treasury Secretary John Connally famously told his foreign counterparts that “the dollar is our currency, but your problem.” And the dollar’s exalted global status has survived ever since, despite many episodes of neglect and abuse.

World currency standards have enormous inertia. The British pound only forfeited its role to the US dollar after more than 50 years of industrial decline and two world wars. But it could happen a lot faster this time. As central bankers and finance ministers ponder how to intervene to prop up the dollar, they should also start thinking about what to do when the time comes to pull the plug.